Internal Medicine Essentials for Students
Nephrology Section
.Approach to Kidney Disease (Chapter 60)
Urinalysis - View a tutorial on urinalysis.
.Acute Kidney Injury (Chapter 61)
Fractional Excretion of Sodium - Review the formulas for calculating the fractional excretion of sodium and urea
Fat Droplet - View a urinary fat droplet.
Livedo Reticularis - View an example of livedo reticularis.
Blue toe syndrome - View an example of the “blue toe syndrome”.
Immunoelectrophoresis - View a serum and urine electrophoresis showing abnormal immunoglobulin in the serum and filtered into the urine.
.Chronic Kidney Disease (Chapter 62)
Microalbuminuria - View this tutorial on the detection of microalbuminuria.
Urinalysis - View this table on the interpretation of urinary sediment in chronic kidney disease.
Risk Factors - View this table of potential risk factors for the initiation of chronic kidney disease.
.Acid-Base Disorders (Chapter 63)
Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis - Review a table for the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis - Review a table for the differential diagnosis of respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
.Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders (Chapter 64)
Potassium - Review a table of the common causes of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
Hyperkalemia - View an electrocardiogram of a patient with hyperkalemia.
Hypokalemia - View and electrocardiogram of a patient with hypokalemia.
SIADH - Review a table of the common causes of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Hyponatremia - Review a table for the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia.
.Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism (Chapter 65)
Hypercalcemia - Use this algorithm to evaluate hypercalcemia.
Hypophosphatemia - View this table for the differential diagnosis of hyperphosphatemia.
Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica - View an x-ray showing osteitis fibrosa cystica.
Nephrocalcinosis - View an x-ray showing nephrocalcinosis.