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Chapter 8. Coronary Heart Disease

1. Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC). National Center For Health Statistics. Health, United States. 2006.

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4. Chagan L. Use of biological based therapy in patients with cardiovascular diseases in a university-hospital in New York city. Bernstein DA, Cheng JW, Kirschenbaum HL, Rosenfeld V, Caliendo GC, Meyer J et al., editors. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 5[4]. 2005.

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14. Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S et al. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial.[see comment]. JAMA 293(11):1338-47, 2005.

15. Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials.[see comment][erratum appears in Lancet. 2004 Feb 21;363(9409):662]. Lancet 361(9374):2017-23, 2003.

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17. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.[see comment]. JAMA 288(19):2432-40, 2002.

18. Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease and low HDL.[see comment]. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology 21(8):1320-6, 2001.

19. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.[see comment][summary for patients in J Fam Pract. 2002 Oct;51(10):810; PMID: 12401142]. Lancet 360(9326):23-33, 2002.

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25. Rundek T, Naini A, Sacco R, Coates K, DiMauro S. Atorvastatin decreases the coenzyme Q10 level in the blood of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Archives of Neurology 61(6):889-92, 2004.

26. Mortensen SA, Leth A, Agner E, Rohde M. Dose-related decrease of serum coenzyme Q10 during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase Inhibitors. Mol Aspects Med 1997; 18:137S-144S.

27. Mabuchi H, nohara A, Kobayashi J et al. Effects of CoQ10 supplementation on plasma lipoprotein lipid, CoQ10 and liver and muscle enzyme levels in hypercholesterolemic patients treated with atorvastatin: a randomized double-blind study. Atherosclerosis 195[2], e182-e189. 2007.

28. Folkers K, Langsjoen P, Willis R et al. Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87(22):8931-8934.

29. Young J, Florkowski C, Molyneux S et al. Effect of coenzyme Q(10) supplementation on simvastatin-induced myalgia. American Journal of Cardiology 100[9], 1400-1403. 2007.

30. Folkers K. Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the effective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Vadhanavikit S, Mortensen A, editors. Proc Natl Acad Sci 82, 901-904. 1985.

31. Folkers K. Therapy with coenzyme Q10 of patients in heart failure who are eligible or ineligible for a transplant. Langsjoen P, Langsjoen P, editors. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 182, 247-253. 1992.

32. Rosenfeldt F. Coenzyme Q10 improves the tolerance of the senescent myocardium to aerobic and ischemic stress: studies in rats and in human artrial tissue. Pepe S, Ou R, Mariani J, Rowland M, Nagley P, Linnane A, editors. Biofactors 9, 291-299. 1999.

33. Rosenfeldt F. Coenzyme Q10 therapy before cardiac surgery improves mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue. Marasco S, Lyon W, Wowk M, Sheeran F, Bailey M, Esmore D et al., editors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 129[1], 25-32. 2005.

34. Singh RB, Wander GS, Rastogi A et al. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1998; 12(4):347-353.

35. Singh RB, Neki NS, Kartikey K et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on risk of atherosclerosis in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry 246(1-2):75-82, 2003.

36. Singh RB, Niaz M. Serum concentration of lipoprotein (a) decreases on treatment with hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with coronary artery disease: discovery of a new role. Int J Cardiol 1998; 68:23-29.

37. Gundling K, Ernest E. Complementary and alternative medicine in cardiovascular disease: what is the evidence it works? West J Med 1999; 171(3):191-194.

38. Spigset O. Reduced effect of warfarin caused by ubidecarenone. Lancet 344, 1372-1373. 2007.

39. Engelsen J. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Nielsen J, Winther K, editors. Thromb Haemost 87[6], 1075-1076. 2002.

40. Eikelboom JW, Lonn E, Genest J, Jr., Hankey G, Yusuf S. Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a critical review of the epidemiologic evidence [see comments]. [Review] [95 refs]. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131(5):363-375.

41. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 325(7374):1202, 2002.

42. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. Jama 288, 2015-2022. 2002.

43. Toole J. Lowering Homocysteine in Patients with Ischemic Stroke to Prevent Recurrent Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, and Death. Malinow MR, Chambless LE, Spence JD, Pettigrew JD, Howard V, Sides E et al., editors. Jama 291, 565-575. 2004.

44. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) 2 Investigators. Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease. N Engl J Med 354, 1567-1577. 2006.

45. Liem A, Reynierse-Buitenwerf G, Zwinderman A, Jukema J, van Veldhuisen D. Secondary prevention with folic acid: results of the Goes extension study. Heart 91, 1213-1214. 2005.

46. Bonaa KH, Njolstad I, Ueland PM et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction.[see comment]. New England Journal of Medicine 354(15):1578-88, 2006.

47. Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G et al. Folate Therapy and In-Stent Restenosis after Coronary Stenting. N Engl J Med 350, 2673-2681. 2004.

48. Schnyder G, Roffi M, Pin R et al. Decreased rate of coronary restenosis after lowering of plasma homocysteine levels. N Engl J Med 345, 1593-1600. 2001.

49. Moens A, Claeys M, Wuyts F et al. Effect of folic acid on endothelial function following actue myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 99[4], 476-481. 2007.

50. Doshi SN, McDowell IF, Moat SJ et al. Folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease via mechanisms largerly independent of homocysteine lowering. Circulation 105, 22-26. 2002.

51. Gebauer SK, Psota TL, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton PM. n-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits. [Review] [88 refs]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(6 Suppl):1526S-1535S, 2006.

52. Woodside J, Kromhout D. Fatty acids and CHD. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, 554-564. 2005.

53. Burr M, Fehily A, Gilbert J. Effects of changes in fat, fish and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial. Lancet 1989; 2:757-761.

54. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 369, 1090-1098. 2007.

55. Nilsen DAG, Landmark K, Moen S, Aarsland T, Woie L. Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74, 50-56. 2001.

56. Bucher H, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Medicine 112, 298-304. 2002.

57. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, American Heart Association.Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease.[erratum appears in Circulation. 2003 Jan 28;107(3):512.]. Circulation 106(21):2747-57, 2002.

58. Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Kierulf P. Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 6, 17-22. 1995.

59. Bender N, Kraynak M, Chiquette E, Linn W, Clark G, Bussey H. Effects of Marine Fish Oils on the Anticoagulation Status of Patients Receiving Chronic Warfarin Therapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 5, 257-261. 1998.

60. McClaskey EM, Michalets EL. Subdural hematoma after a fall in an elderly patient taking high-dose omega-3 fatty acids with warfarin and aspirin: case report and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 27(1):152-60, 2007.

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62. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women.[see comment]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69(5):890-7, 1999.

63. Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Orencia AJ et al. Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction.[see comment]. New England Journal of Medicine 336(15):1046-53, 1997.

64. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4. Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy 1997; 11(3):485-491.

65. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ, for the Nutrition Committee. Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2002; 106(21):2747-2757.

66. Brouwer I, Katan MB, Zock PL. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition 134, 919-922. 2004.

67. Rahman K. Historical perspective on garlic and cardiovascular disease. [Review] [29 refs]. Journal of Nutrition 131(3s):977S-9S, 2001.

68. Williams M, Sutherland W, McCormick M, Yeoman D, de Jong S. Aged Garlic Extract Improves Endothelial Function in Men with Coronary Artery Disease. Phytotherapy Research 19, 314-319. 2005.

69. Lau BH. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. Journal of Nutrition 131, 985S-988S. 2001.

70. Munday JS, James KA, Fray LM, Kirkwood SW, Thompson KG. Daily supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects low density lipoprotein against in vitro oxidation. Atherosclerosis 1999; 143(2):399-404.

71. Dillon S, Lowe G, Billington D, Rahman K. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F-2 alpha in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. Journal of Nutrition 132, 168-171. 2002.

72. Morihara N, Sumioka I, Moriguchi T, Uda N, Kyo E. Aged garlic extract enhances production of nitric oxide. Life Sciences 71(5):509-17, 2002.

73. Kim-Park S, Ku D. Garlic elicits a nitric oxide-dependent relaxation and inhibits hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 27, 780-786. 2000.

74. Mulrow CD, Lawrence V, Ackermann R et al. Garlic: effects on cardiovascular risks and disease, protective effects against cancer, and clinical adverse effects. Evidence Report: Technology Assessment (Summary) 20, 1-4. 2000.

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81. German K, Kumar U, Blackford H. Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. British Journal of Urology 76, 518. 1995.

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85. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van HL et al. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation 113(7):1034-44, 2006.

86. Clerici C, Setchell KD, Battezzati P et al. Pasta naturally enriched with isoflavone aglycons from soy germ reduces serum lipids and improves markers of cardiovascular risk. Journal of Nutrition 137[10], 2270-2278. 2007.

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The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgment and does not represent an official position of ACP.